Objective: To examine the impact of intrauterine as well as neonatal growth, prematurity, personal and environmental risk factors on intelligence in adulthood in survivors of the early neonatal intensive care era. Methods: A large geographically based cohort comprised of 94\% of all individuals born alive in the Netherlands in 1983 with a gestational age below 32 weeks and/or a birth weight less than 1,500 gram (POPS-study). Intelligence was assessed in 596 participants at 19 years of age and was adjusted for nonresponsiveness using …